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        <p>golang从诞生之初就一直有个被诟病的问题：缺少一个行之有效的“官方”包依赖管理工具。之前golang包管理工具有数十个， 说实话都不是让人非常满意。</p>
<p>go 1.11 有了对模块的实验性支持，大部分的子命令都知道如何处理一个模块，比如 run build install get list mod 子命令。go 1.12 会删除对 GOPATH 的支持，go get 命令也会变成只能获取模块，不能像现在这样直接获取一个裸包。</p>
<p>可以用环境变量 GO111MODULE 开启或关闭模块支持，它有三个可选值：off、on、auto，默认值是 auto。</p>
<ul>
<li>GO111MODULE=off 无模块支持，go 会从 GOPATH 和 vendor 文件夹寻找包。</li>
<li>GO111MODULE=on 模块支持，go 会忽略 GOPATH 和 vendor 文件夹，只根据 go.mod 下载依赖。</li>
<li>GO111MODULE=auto 在 $GOPATH/src 外面且根目录有 go.mod 文件时，开启模块支持。</li>
</ul>
<p>在使用模块的时候，GOPATH 是无意义的，不过它还是会把下载的依赖储存在 $GOPATH/pkg/mod 中，也会把 go install 的结果放在 $GOPATH/bin 中。</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h3 id="1-go-mod-使用教程"><a href="#1-go-mod-使用教程" class="headerlink" title="1. go mod 使用教程"></a>1. go mod 使用教程</h3><p><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules</a> # 官方wiki, 基本所有的问题都能在这里找到</p>
<h5 id="1-1-在使用前先确保golang升级到1-11"><a href="#1-1-在使用前先确保golang升级到1-11" class="headerlink" title="1.1 在使用前先确保golang升级到1.11:"></a>1.1 在使用前先确保golang升级到1.11:</h5><p><a href="https://golang.org/dl/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://golang.org/dl/</a> #下载golang</p>
<h3 id="2-使用go-mod-实践"><a href="#2-使用go-mod-实践" class="headerlink" title="2. 使用go mod 实践"></a>2. 使用go mod 实践</h3><h5 id="2-1-快速开始："><a href="#2-1-快速开始：" class="headerlink" title="2.1. 快速开始："></a>2.1. 快速开始：</h5><ol>
<li><p>把之前的工程拷贝到$GOPATH/src之外</p>
</li>
<li><p>在工程目录下执行：go mod init {module name}，该命令会创建一个go.mod文件</p>
</li>
<li><p>然后在该目录下执行 go build，就可以了，go.mod中记录了依赖包及其版本号。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h5 id="2-2-在-go-build-中-遇到了以下几个问题-记录如下"><a href="#2-2-在-go-build-中-遇到了以下几个问题-记录如下" class="headerlink" title="2.2. 在 go build 中 遇到了以下几个问题, 记录如下:"></a>2.2. 在 go build 中 遇到了以下几个问题, 记录如下:</h5><p>2.2.1 golang.org的包竟然下不下来(你懂的)</p>
<p>可以使用在go.mod里添加replace选项</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">replace (golang.org/x/text =&gt; github.com/golang/text v0<span class="number">.3</span><span class="number">.0</span> )</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p> 也可以用代理的方式, 更加方便</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">export GOPROXY=https://athens.azurefd.net</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>2.2.2 发现找不到包(包层级多的)</p>
<p>cannot load github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-go/sdk: cannot find module providing package github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-go/sdk</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">go get github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-go@master  #带@master</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>2.2.3 在替换的时候还发现这个错误</p>
<p>cannot call non-function xurls.Strict (type *regexp.Regexp)</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mvdan.cc/xurls  #之前用的是这个版本,换成下面的就可以了</span><br><span class="line">mvdan.cc/xurls/v2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>2.2.4  只有直接使用的依赖会被记录在<code>go.mod</code>文件中, 贴出go.mod的内容如下:</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">module github.com/unix2dos/goods-notify</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">go</span> <span class="number">1.12</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">require (</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/PuerkitoBio/goquery v1<span class="number">.5</span><span class="number">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-<span class="keyword">go</span> v0<span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">-20190528035818</span><span class="number">-94084</span>c920892</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1<span class="number">.4</span><span class="number">.0</span> <span class="comment">// indirect</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/joho/godotenv v1<span class="number">.3</span><span class="number">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/pkg/errors v0<span class="number">.8</span><span class="number">.1</span> <span class="comment">// indirect</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/stretchr/testify v1<span class="number">.3</span><span class="number">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/unix2dos/bearychat-<span class="keyword">go</span> v0<span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">-20190222142113</span>-d09d4a5e73e5</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/valyala/fasthttp v1<span class="number">.3</span><span class="number">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	github.com/yunpian/yunpian-<span class="keyword">go</span>-sdk v0<span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">-20171206021512</span><span class="number">-2193</span>bf8a7459</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	golang.org/x/text v0<span class="number">.3</span><span class="number">.2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	mvdan.cc/xurls/v2 v2<span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>indirect</code> 注释标记了依赖不是被当前模块直接使用的，只是在其他依赖项中被间接引用。</p>
<p>2.2.5  go.sum文件介绍</p>
<p>同时，<code>go.mod</code>和<code>go</code>命令维护了一个名叫<code>go.sum</code>的文件包含了指定模块版本的期望的<a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Module_downloading_and_verification" target="_blank" rel="noopener">加密hash</a>：</p>
<p><code>go</code>命令使用<code>go.sum</code>文件保证之后的模块下载会下载到跟第一次下载相同的文件内容，保证你的项目依赖不会发生预期外的恶意修改、意外问题和其他问题。<code>go.mod</code> 和 <code>go.sum</code>都需要放进版本管理中。</p>
<h3 id="3-go-mod-相关操作"><a href="#3-go-mod-相关操作" class="headerlink" title="3. go mod 相关操作"></a>3. go mod 相关操作</h3><p><code>go list -m all</code>  可以查看当前的依赖和版本(当前模块，或者叫做主模块，通常是第一行，接下来是根据依赖路径排序的依赖)。</p>
<p><code>go mod edit -fmt</code> 格式化 <code>go.mod</code> 文件。</p>
<p> <code>go mod tidy</code> 从 <code>go.mod</code> 删除不需要的依赖、新增需要的依赖，这个操作不会改变依赖版本。</p>
<h5 id="3-1-go-get-命令"><a href="#3-1-go-get-命令" class="headerlink" title="3.1 go get 命令"></a>3.1 go get 命令</h5><p>获取依赖的特定版本，用来升级和降级依赖。可以自动修改 <code>go.mod</code> 文件，而且依赖的依赖版本号也可能会变。在 <code>go.mod</code> 中使用 <code>exclude</code> 排除的包，不能 <code>go get</code> 下来。</p>
<p>与以前不同的是，新版 <code>go get</code> 可以在末尾加 <code>@</code> 符号，用来指定版本。</p>
<p>它要求仓库必须用 <code>v1.2.0</code> 格式打 tag，像 <code>v1.2</code> 少个零都不行的，必须是<a href="https://semver.org/lang/zh-CN/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">语义化</a>的、带 <code>v</code> 前缀的版本号。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux           # 匹配最新的一个 tag</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux@latest    # 和上面一样</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux@v1.6.2    # 匹配 v1.6.2</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux@e3702bed2 # 匹配 v1.6.2</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux@c856192   # 匹配 c85619274f5d</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/gorilla/mux@master    # 匹配 master 分支</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>latest</code> 匹配最新的 tag。</p>
<p><code>v1.2.6</code> 完整版本的写法。</p>
<p><code>v1</code>、<code>v1.2</code> 匹配带这个前缀的最新版本，如果最新版是 <code>1.2.7</code>，它们会匹配 <code>1.2.7</code>。</p>
<p><code>c856192</code> 版本 hash 前缀、分支名、无语义化的标签，在 <code>go.mod</code> 里都会会使用约定写法 <code>v0.0.0-20180517173623-c85619274f5d</code>，也被称作伪版本。</p>
<p><code>go get</code> 可以模糊匹配版本号，但 <code>go.mod</code> 文件只体现完整的版本号，即 <code>v1.2.0</code>、<code>v0.0.0-20180517173623-c85619274f5d</code>，只不过不需要手写这么长的版本号，用 <code>go get</code> 或上文的 <code>go mod edit -require</code> 模糊匹配即可，它会把匹配到的完整版本号写进 <code>go.mod</code>  文件。</p>
<p>参考资料:</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/c5733da150c6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.jianshu.com/p/c5733da150c6</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.4async.com/2019/03/using-go-modules/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.4async.com/2019/03/using-go-modules/</a></p>

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